Animal Anatomy And Physiology (Animal Husbandry I) BAG101

Course Structure: Animal Anatomy and Physiology (Animal Husbandry I)

1. Introduction to cells & tissues - Livestock classes, livestock products, interrelationship between crops and livestock, cells and tissues, special properties of cells, osmosis, nutrient waste.
2. The Digestive System - Digestive system, mouth, tongue, teeth, oesophagus, simple stomach, small intestine, large intestine, ruminant stomach, accessory organs of the digestive system, digestion, absorption and utilisation in the simple stomach, enzymes, breakdown by microorganisms, digestion, aborption and utilisation in the ruminant stomach, mechanical action, action of micro-organisms, utilisation of the end products of digestion,
3. The Circulatory System - Circulatory system, composition of blood, functions of blood, clotting mechanism, immunity, blood vessels, arteries, veins, cappillaries, physiology of the circulatory system, rates of heart beats, spleen, lympathic system, circulatory networks.
4. The Urinary System - Anatomy of the urinary system, kidneys, ureter, bladder, physiology of urinary system, excretion in different animals.
5. The Nervous System - central and peripheral nervous system, main parts of the nervous system, neurones, sensory neurones, motor neurones, central nervous system, the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, reflex actions, endocrine system, structure and function of the ear, hearing, structure and function of the eye, the iris, structure and function of the nose.
6. Respiration - Anatomy of respiration, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, physiology of respiration, gaseous exchange, rate and depth of breathing.
7. The Reproductive System - Anatomy of the male reproductive system, testes, accessory organs, penis, physiology of male reproductive system, hormone production, sperm production, erection, ejaculation, fertility problems in males, venereal diseases, other diseases, injury, physical immatury, emotional immaturity, nutrition, poor handling, anatomy of female reproductive system, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, physiology of the female reproductive system, ovulation, oestrus cycle, fertility problems, difficulties conceiving, venereal and other diseases, physical abnormalities, nutrition, inability to carry a foetus to full term, pregnancy and parturition, fertilisation, pregnancy, parturition,birth process, difficult births, structure of the mammary glands, secretion of milk, milk ejection, reproduction data for cows, sows and ewes.
8. Muscles & Meat - Muscles and meat, smooth muscle, striated voluntary muscle, cardiac muscle, structure of meat, dressing out percentage, composition of the beef animal, meat quality and tenderness, juiciness, flavour, cuts and joints of meat.
9. The Skeleton - Bones, how bones are formed, anatomy of bones, fractures and fracture healing, five types of bone, joints of bone, the skeleton, dentition, the dental formula, cattle, dental formula of an ox and cow, eruption of permanent teeth, pigs.
10. Animal Growth, Development, and the Endocrine System - Growth and development, growth curve, prenatal growth, post-natal growth, fat, factors which affect the size of newborns, factors affecting post-natal growth, early maturing, compensatory growth, endocrine system, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal bodies, pancreas, testes, ovaries, pineal body, mucous membrane of the stomach.
11. Comparing Different Animals - Poultry, digestion, gullet, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, intestine, caecum, rectum, incubating eggs, natural incubation, symptoms of a broody hen, fish.

Aims: Animal Anatomy And Physiology (Animal Husbandry I ) BAG101

• Differentiate and describe the basic structure and function of cells and tissues of animals.
• Explain the digestive system, in terms of both structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the circulatory systems, in terms of both structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the urinary system, in terms of structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the nervous system, in terms of structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the respiratory system, in terms of structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the reproductive system, including structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the skeletal system, in terms of structure and function of animals.
• Explain the biological mechanisms underlying the growth and development of specified animal species.
• Explain the endocrine system, in terms of structure and function, of animals.
• Explain the muscular system, including the structure, function, and meat quality of animals.
• Explain the differences between various types of farm animals, in terms of structure and function.
• Explain the nature of animals in the primary production industry, with specific reference to your locality.

What you will do during this Course

• Identify parts of an animal cell on an unlabelled diagram.
• Describe the major features of a living animal cell, including structure and function.
• Describe one example, of cell interaction in live animals.
• Describe the cell functions for three different types of cells in animals.
• Differentiate between the cellular composition, using illustrations, of animal tissues.
• Explain the functions of four different animal tissue types.
• Describe the processes of nutrient and waste exchange in animal cells.
• Label a diagram of the digestive system of three different animals.
• Describe the processes occurring in digestion, in each section of the digestive system.
• Compare the digestive systems of different farm animals.
• Describe the action of enzymes and micro-organisms in animal digestion.
• Explain the role of accessory organs, including: *the liver *the pancreas.
• Explain the components of blood in animals.
• Explain the biological functions of blood in animals.
• Label on unlabelled illustrations, the parts of the circulatory system in a chosen farm animal.
• Explain the structure of an artery by illustrating and labeling a diagram of its five layers.
• Distinguish the characteristics of the various types of blood vessels in animals.
• Explain the role of the lymphatic system in a specified farm animal.
• Dissect an animal heart, and identify the parts of the heart on a photograph or the dissection.
• Label on an unlabelled diagram, the parts of the urinary system of an animal.
• Explain the role of the urinary system farm animals, including comments on urinary malfunction.

The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form and structure of animals. Physiology deals with the study of functions of the animal body or any of its parts. A thorough knowledge of the structure of an animal imparts a lot of information about the various functions it is capable of performing. This course is intended to give an overview of both the anatomy and physiology of many animals. It can be used as an introductory course to further studies; to help you understand how to diagnose disease or determine if an animal has sustained an injury; to help understand the physical capabilities or limitations of particular species;  to understand what happens in the nutrition and growth processes; and to assist you to get better performance from your animals.

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the Academy, marked by the Academy's tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.